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ASTRAL PLANE

The astral plane, also called the astral world, is a plane of existence postulated by classical (particularly neo-Platonic), medieval, oriental, and esoteric philosophies and mystery religions.[1] It is the world of the celestial spheres, crossed by the soul in its astral body on the way to being born and after death, and is generally believed to be populated by angels, spirits or other immaterial beings.[2] In the late 19th and early 20th century the term was popularised by Theosophy and neo-Rosicrucianism.

Another view holds that the astral plane or world, rather than being some kind of boundary area crossed by the soul, is the entirety of spirit existence or spirit worlds to which those who die on Earth go, and where they live out their non-physical lives. It is understood that all consciousness resides in the astral plane.[3] Some writers conflate this realm with heaven or paradise or union with God itself, and others do not. P. Yogananda wrote in Autobiography of a Yogi, "The astral universe . . . is hundreds of times larger than the material universe . . .[with] many astral planets, teeming with astral beings." (p.416) When Alice Bailey writes of seeing "Masters . . . upon the inner spiritual planes [who]. . . work with Christ and the planetary hierarchy," she refers to a vision she had of the unseen astral realm that these and countless other beings inhabit. Christ being in that realm, it is hard to construe it as a non-heaven.[4]

The Barzakh, olam mithal or intermediate world in Islam is a related concept. In Judaism, it is known as the "World of Yetzirah", according to Lurianic Kabbalah.

The Astral Plane and Astral Experience

According to occult teachings the astral plane can be visited consciously through astral projection, meditation and mantra, near death experience, lucid dreaming, or other means. Individuals that are trained in the use of the astral vehicle can separate their consciousness in the astral vehicle from the physical body at will.[11] The first stage in development, according to Ramacharaka, is "mastery of the physical body and its care and attention", which pertains not only to the physical body but also to its double in the astral. [3]In addition, one must spend time tuning the "instinctive mind".[3] The first three subdivisions of the instinctive mind are passions, desires, and lusts. The second stage is the intellect, otherwise known as the sharpening of the mind. Someone operating largely out of the instinctive mind would "have only a glimmering of intellect", therefore those who are centered in the intellect would only have an inkling of the spiritual. Once both stages are completed the spiritual mind can be awakened. [3]

In early theosophical literature the term "astral" may refer to the aether. Later theosophical authors such as Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater make the astral finer than the etheric plane but "denser" than the mental plane. In order to create a unified view of seven bodies and remove earlier Sanskrit terms, an etheric plane was introduced and the term "astral body" was used to replace the former kamarupa - sometimes termed the body of emotion, illusion or desire.[1] Some of those propounding such claims explain their belief that letting go of desires is spiritual progress by noting that, the more one let's go of feelings, the less tied down to the physical world, a world of illusion, and the more connected to the astral, where all is visible and known.[12]

According to Max Heindel's Rosicrucian writings, desire-stuff may be described as a type of force-matter, in incessant motion, responsive to the slightest feeling. The desire world is also said to be the abode of the dead for some time subsequent to death. It is also the home of the archangels. In the higher regions of the desire world thoughts take a definite form and color perceptible to all, all is light and there is but one long day.

In his book Autobiography of a Yogi, Paramhansa Yogananda provides details about the astral planes learned from his guru.[13] Yogananda claims that nearly all individuals enter the astral planes after death. There they work out the seeds of past karma through astral incarnations, or (if their karma requires) they return to earthly incarnations for further refinement. Once an individual has attained the meditative state of nirvikalpa samadhi in an earthy or astral incarnation, the soul may progress upward to the "illumined astral planet" of Hiranyaloka.[13] After this transitional stage, the soul may then move upward to the more subtle causal spheres where many more incarnations allow them to further refine before final unification.[14]


link; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_plane

ASTRAL

Astral projection (or astral travel) is a term used in esotericism to describe an intentional out-of-body experience (OBE)[1][2] that assumes the existence of a soul or consciousness called an "astral body" that is separate from the physical body and capable of travelling outside it throughout the universe.[3][4][5]

The idea of astral travel is ancient and occurs in multiple cultures. The modern terminology of 'astral projection' was coined and promoted by 19th century Theosophists.[3] It is sometimes reported in association with dreams, and forms of meditation.[6] Some individuals have reported perceptions similar to descriptions of astral projection that were induced through various hallucinogenic and hypnotic means (including self-hypnosis). There is no scientific evidence that there is a consciousness or soul which is separate from normal neural activity or that one can consciously leave the body and make observations,[7] and astral projection has been characterized as a pseudoscience.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. On the other hand, there is some evidence that spontaneous out-of-body experiences are useful for psychotherapy.Astral projection is a conscious out-of-body experience that assumes the existence of consciousness or soul called astral body, which can travel outside the physical body throughout the universe. By leaving the physical body, the astral body can float and traverse across the world or observe the environment. Individuals who practice astral projection are aware of what’s happening around them. The believe of astral projection as a real phenomenon, and not a fabrication of the mind can even be supported by quantum physics, since as quantum physics suggests: everything is energy and we are all connected, hence separating your consciousness, from your physical body to explore the other realm, or with other words: the 4th astral dimension, would not be something so unexplained and impossible. Astral projection gives you incredible free. During an astral projection, you can do absolutely everything you desire: flying over the world, visiting friends and observing them, going back in time, communicating with higher frequency beings, and even having astral sex. The possibilities in the astral realm are limitless. Many people believe astral projection as the ultimate evidence of life after death, and a solid proof for the hypothesis that other higher dimensions exist and the fact that our consciousness is separate from our physical bodies and our life here on Earth is simply a small journey from an endless existence. Although many people struggle to achieve a successful astral projection, rest assured that absolutely everyone has this ability in them, and everyone can successfully achieve an astral projection, it's a matter of techniques and repetitions.


Notable practitioners

Astral projection according to Carrington and Muldoon, 1929
Emanuel Swedenborg was one of the first practitioners to write extensively about the out-of-body experience, in his Spiritual Diary (1747–65). French philosopher and novelist Honoré de Balzac's fictional work "Louis Lambert" suggests he may have had some astral or out-of-body experience.[49]

There are many twentieth-century publications on astral projection,[50] although only a few authors remain widely cited. These include Robert Monroe,[51] Oliver Fox,[52] Sylvan Muldoon, and Hereward Carrington,[53] and Yram.[54]

Robert Monroe's accounts of journeys to other realms (1971–1994) popularized the term "OBE" and were translated into a large number of languages. Though his books themselves only placed secondary importance on descriptions of method, Monroe also founded an institute dedicated to research, exploration and non-profit dissemination of auditory technology for assisting others in achieving projection and related altered states of consciousness.

Robert Bruce,[55] William Buhlman,[56] Marilynn Hughes,[57] and Albert Taylor[58] have discussed their theories and findings on the syndicated show Coast to Coast AM several times. Michael Crichton gives lengthy and detailed explanations and experience of astral projection in his non-fiction book Travels.

In her book, My Religion, Helen Keller tells of her beliefs in Swedenborgianism and how she once "traveled" to Athens:
"I have been far away all this time, and I haven't left the room...It was clear to me that it was because I was a spirit that I had so vividly 'seen' and felt a place a thousand miles away. Space was nothing to spirit!"[59]

The soul's ability to leave the body at will or while sleeping and visit the various planes of heaven is also known as "soul travel". The practice is taught in Surat Shabd Yoga, where the experience is achieved mostly by meditation techniques and mantra repetition. All Sant Mat Gurus widely spoke about this kind of out of body experience, such as Kirpal Singh.[60]

Eckankar describes Soul Travel broadly as movement of the true, spiritual self (Soul) closer to the heart of God. While the contemplative may perceive the experience as travel, Soul itself is said not to move but to "come into an agreement with fixed states and conditions that already exist in some world of time and space".[61] American Harold Klemp, the current Spiritual Leader of Eckankar[62] practices and teaches Soul Travel, as did his predecessors,[63] through contemplative techniques known as the Spiritual Exercises of ECK (Divine Spirit).[64]

In occult traditions, practices range from inducing trance states to the mental construction of a second body, called the Body of Light in Aleister Crowley's writings, through visualization and controlled breathing, followed by the transfer of consciousness to the secondary body by a mental act of will.[65]


ASTRAL BODY
Astral body is a subtle body posited by many philosophers, intermediate between the intelligent soul and the mental body, composed of a subtle material.[1] The concept ultimately derives from the philosophy of Plato: it is related to an astral plane, which consists of the planetary heavens of astrology. The term was adopted by nineteenth-century Theosophists and neo-Rosicrucians.

The idea is rooted in common worldwide religious accounts of the afterlife[2] in which the soul's journey or "ascent" is described in such terms as "an ecstatic.., mystical or out-of body experience, wherein the spiritual traveller leaves the physical body and travels in his/her subtle body (or dreambody or astral body) into ‘higher’ realms".[3] Hence "the "many kinds of 'heavens', 'hells', and purgatorial existences believed in by followers of innumerable religions" may also be understood as astral phenomena, as may the various "phenomena of the séance room".[4] The phenomenon of apparitional experience is therefore related, as is made explicit in Cicero's Dream of Scipio.

The astral body is sometimes said to be visible as an aura of swirling colours.[5] It is widely linked today with out-of-body experiences or astral projection. Where this refers to a supposed movement around the real world, as in Muldoon and Carrington's book The Projection of the Astral Body, it conforms to Madame Blavatsky's usage of the term. Elsewhere this latter is termed "etheric", while "astral" denotes an experience of dream-symbols, archetypes, memories, spiritual beings and visionary landscapes.

LINK; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_projection

The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires are an unusually strong series of thousands of independent wildfires occurring in the Amazon rainforest and other parts of the Amazon biome in 2019 during the tropical dry season. The bulk of the wildfires have occurred within Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazônia Legal or BLA), the portion of the forest within Brazil, but the neighboring countries of Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay have also lost large areas to wildfire,[2] including more than 730,000 hectares (1.8 million acres) in Bolivia alone.[3] In northern Paraguay, near the Bolivian and Brazilian borders, about 140 square miles burned, but the situation had "stabilised" by August 24.[4] Isolated fires were also reported in Peru but they had no connection to those in Brazil.[5] In total Peru had 128 forest fires in August 2019.[6]

While such fires are annual occurrences during the dry season, the 2019 fires were brought to the attention of the scientific and international community in July and August 2019 after the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE) released statistics based on satellite observations documenting at least 75,336 wildfires burning in the country from January to August 23, 2019, with more than 40,000 within the Amazon rainforest, the highest number since data collection began in 2013.[7][8][9][10] Satellite images from NASA corroborated INPE's findings that the Amazon forest has faced more intense wildfires in 2019 than in previous years.[11]

INPE and other experts attributed the wildfires to slash-and-burn approaches to clear land for logging and farming to support Brazil's exports such as beef. The Brazilian and Bolivian governments had recently enacted policies allowing for increased clearing of rainforest areas for farming and logging.[12][13] Since 2004, Brazil has taken some measures to reduce the acceleration of deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, but the increased rate of deforestation in 2019 raised concerns from environmental experts due to the importance of the Amazon basin in climate change mitigation.[14][15] Additionally, slash-and-burn techniques and subsequent wildfires may threaten the protected lands of the indigenous peoples in Brazil within the rainforest.[16]

The wildfires drew criticism against the Brazilian government, particularly from environmental NGOs[17] and France, which borders Brazil in its region of French Guiana,[18][19][20][21][22] in the week leading up to the 45th G7 summit. These agencies assert that policies put in place by newly elected Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro have weakened the protection for the rainforest. Bolsonaro and his ministers retorted that deforestation is needed to rebuild Brazil's economy, and that INPE's data has been falsified as part of a misinformation campaign against his administration. In early August, Bolsonaro fired the director of the INPE after the agency reported statistics that showed an increase in deforestation in Brazil.[23] With increased international attention, including proposals to ban Brazilian exports and to end negotiations on the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement, the federal government has since committed more than 44,000 Brazilian troops, and an additional funding of R$38.5 million was reallocated by the Ministry of Economy to stop the fires.[24]

By August 20, there were at least 74,155 fires detected in all of Brazil,[25] with about 39,194 fires in Brazil's Amazônia Legal[10] in four Brazilian states: Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Pará.[26] Nine countries share the Amazon basin—most of the rainforest, 58.4%, is contained within the borders of Brazil. The other eight countries include Peru with 12.8%, Bolivia with 7.7%, Colombia with 7.1%, Venezuela with 6.1%, Guyana with 3.1%, Suriname with 2.5%, French Guyana with 1.4%, and Ecuador with 1%.[27] Until August 24, most of the media coverage focused almost exclusively on Brazil wildfires in the Amazônia Legal—Legal Amazon—which contains all nine Amazonian states and represents Brazil's largest socio-geographic division. As of August 20, there were fires burning in the rainforest in four Brazilian states: Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Pará.[26] The Brazilian states of Amazonas and Acre declared states of emergency in response to the wildfires.[28][29]

By August 24 or 25 international media coverage began to include fires in the Dionisio Foianini Triangle—the Brazil-Bolivia-Paraguay triangle[30] with fires destroying savannah and tropical forest "near Bolivia's border with Paraguay and Brazil."[30]


HOW TO SAVE AMAZON RAIN FOREST? THERE IS 7 WAYS
1) Reduce your paper and wood consumption.

Logging companies are cutting down some of the most endangered forests on the planet to make wood and paper products such as office paper, phone books, toilet paper, window trim, lawn furniture, and 2 x 4's. Over seventy-eight percent of the Earth's original old growth forests have already been logged or degraded.
You can help reduce the pressure on our remaining forests by taking simple steps to reduce your own wood and paper use. For example, use both sides of each piece of paper, use your own cloth bags at the grocery store, use cloth napkins and towels, and avoid disposable paper plates and cups.

Looking up the trunk of a giant rainforest tree
Looking up the trunk of a giant rainforest tree
When purchasing paper products, choose products with the highest percentage of recycled content -post-consumer recycled content is the best. Choose tree-free paper alternatives if possible. Tree-free paper is made from agricultural products like waste straw, kenaf, and hemp, so not a single tree is cut down for its production!

If you are building a house or adding on to your home, utilize wood efficient building techniques and avoid old growth wood products. Learn about alternatives such as reclaimed or recycled lumber, composite lumber, and independently certified wood.

2) Reduce your oil consumption.

The burning of oil, gas, and coal is the primary cause of climate change, a trend that is threatening the stability of the global climate. Scientists have predicted that if we stay on our current path, global temperatures will rise between 2° and 9° Fahrenheit in the next century -a warming rate faster than any occurring in the last ten thousand years. In addition, oil exploration projects lead to toxic pollution and massive deforestation, posing a threat to pristine ecosystems and indigenous cultures worldwide.

You can help alleviate oil's impact on the environment by reducing your own oil and gas consumption. The next time you purchase a car, choose one that gets good gas mileage and avoid gas guzzling sports utility vehicles. If you drive somewhere regularly, start a carpool. Whenever possible, leave your car at home and instead walk, ride your bike, or take local mass transportation. Support funding for mass transportation and bike lanes -options that will serve our transportation needs and our planet much better in the long run than an ever-expanding maze of roads and highways!

3) Reduce your beef consumption.

Rainforest beef is typically found in fast food hamburgers or processed beef products. In both 1993 and 1994 the U. S. imported over 200 million pounds of fresh and frozen beef from Central American countries. Two-thirds of these countries' rainforests have been cleared, in part to raise cattle whose meat is exported to profit the U. S. food industry. When it enters the U. S. the beef is not labeled with its country of origin, so there is no way to trace it to its source. Reducing your consumption of beef will reduce demand for it, cutting back on pressure to clear more forests for cattle. For more information on the connection between beef and the environment, contact Earthsave International, 1509 Seabright Avenue, Suite B1, Santa Cruz, CA 95062; 1-800-362-3648; www.earthsave.org.

4) Hold businesses accountable.

Corporations need to know that the public will hold them accountable for business practices that are socially or environmentally destructive. If you feel that a company's business practices are environmentally irresponsible, send the company a letter expressing your concern, or organize a boycott of the company. Below you'll find information about two companies that you can write to today to help protect the Earth's forests. To learn more about these companies, please visit our website at www.ran.org.

a. Boise sells wood products from the world's most endangered forests, including the tropical rainforests of the Amazon and Southeast Asia and the temperate rainforests of Chile. Boise is also the country's largest logger of U. S. public lands. Please ask Boise to phase out its logging and distribution of old growth wood. Write to George Harad, Chairman &CEO, Boise Corporation, 1111 West Jefferson Street, PO Box 50, Boise, ID 83728.

b. Citigroup is a key financial player in many of the world's most destructive projects, including construction of the Chad/Cameroon oil pipeline in Africa, the replacement of orangutan habitat with palm plantations in Indonesia, and the logging of California's Headwaters Forest. If you have a Citibank credit card, cut it up! Mail the cut up card back to Citibank in your next bill statement, and let them know why you no longer want to be a customer. If you are not a Citigroup customer, let them know that you will never be a customer unless they change their business practices. Call Citigroup at 1-800-456-4277 or write to Mr. Sandy Weill, Chairman and CEO, Citigroup, 153 East 53rd Street, New York, New York 10043.

5) Invest in rainforest communities.

RAN's Protect-an-Acre Program was created to protect the world's rainforests and to support the rights of rainforest communities. The Protect-an-Acre Program is an alternative to "buy-an-acre" programs, which tend to ignore the fact that there are often people who depend on the forest and have lived in the forest sustainably for centuries. Protect-an-Acre provides funding to help forest peoples gain legal recognition of their territories, develop locally-based alternative economic initiatives, and resist destructive practices such as logging and fossil fuel development. For information about how you can support the Protect-an-Acre program, visit the Protect-an-Acre section of our website.

6) Support the grassroots.

In 1999, Home Depot, the single largest retailer of lumber in the world, agreed to phase out its sales of old growth wood. This victory was a direct result of the hard work of grassroots activists, who staged more than six hundred demonstrations at Home Depot stores across the U. S. and Canada. You can play a critical role in future victories by joining or starting a Grassroots Action Group in your area! Contact RAN's Grassroots Coordinator at 415-398-4404 or organize[at]ran.org for help in finding a local group or advice on starting your own group. Equally important, help protect the forests in your region by getting involved with a local forest preservation group.

7) Support Rainforest Action Network.

Rainforest Action Network is an effective, hard-hitting organization. In 1985, RAN launched a nationwide boycott of Burger King, which was importing cheap beef from tropical rainforest countries. Two years later, Burger King canceled thirty-five million dollars worth of beef contracts and agreed to stop importing beef from the rainforest. RAN then led a global consumer boycott against Mitsubishi, which resulted in Mitsubishi Motor Sales America and Mitsubishi Electric America committing to unprecedented environmental reviews of their business activities. Most recently, as a result of a two year campaign led by RAN, the nation's top home improvement etailers and largest home builders agreed to phase out the sale and use of wood from the Earth's endangered forests. None of these victories would have been possible without the support of our members. To join RAN, please call us at (415) 398-4404.
AND MORE!
The Amazon forest as carbon dioxide sink
There are 670 million ha (1.7 billion acres; 6.7 million km2; 2.6 million sq mi) of Amazon rainforest.[31] Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a major concern for decades as the rainforest's impact on the global climate has been measured. From a global climate perspective, the Amazon has been the world's largest carbon dioxide sink, and estimated to capture up to 25% of global carbon dioxide generation into plants and other biomass.[32] Without this sink, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would increase and contribute towards higher global temperatures, thus making the viability of the Amazon a global concern.[33] Further, when the forest is lost through fire, additional carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere, and could potentially contribute significantly to the total carbon dioxide content.[34] The flora also generates significant quantities of water vapor through transpiration which travel large distances to other parts of South America and contribute to the precipitation in these areas.[35] Due to ongoing global climate change, environmental scientists have raised concerns that the Amazon could reach a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly die out, the land becoming more savanna than forest, under certain climate change conditions which are exacerbated by anthropogenic activities.[36][37]

The Amazon rainforest "fuels planet-scale systems" including atmospheric rivers—or flying rivers—as 20 percent of the world's fresh water passes through cycles in this rainforest.[16][/center]


Fires in Brazil
Past deforestation and fires in Brazil

Location of Amazônia Legal (red) within Brazil

States within Amazônia Legal.
Main article: Deforestation in Brazil
Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue since the 1970s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazônia Legal, BLA).[38][39] Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly 77.7 million ha (192 million acres)—an area larger than that of the US state of Texas.[16] Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use. According to the World Bank, some 80% of deforested land is used for cattle ranching.[40] It is a common practice in the Amazon for farmers to set fires illegally using slash-and-burn to deforest land for ranching and farming during the dry season.[38][28] This is partially driven by growing demand for beef exports from Brazil, particularly to China and Hong Kong; Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Brazil's cattle herd has increased by 56% over the last two decades. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn to give time for the cattle to graze.[41][42] While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. Wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation.[28] In recent years, "land-grabbers" (grileiros) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".[16] Doug Morton, chief of the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center called this form of deforestation "slash and burn, 21st century." Huge amounts of biomass are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers and giant tractors, followed by torching the tree trunks several months later. The cleared land is then used either for cattle or soybeans—two of Brazil's major exports.[43]

The Brazilian states of Pará, Mato Grosso, and Rondônia, which are located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest, in what is called the "deforestation arc."[44]

Past data from INPE has shown the number of fires with the BLA from January to August in any year to be routinely higher than 60,000 fires from 2002 to 2007 and as high as 90,000 in 2003.[45]

Number of fires in Brazil's Amazônia Legal between January 1 and August 26 by year, reported by INPE[46]
Within international attention on the protection of the Amazon around the early 2000s, Brazil took a more proactive approach to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In 2004, the Brazilian government had established the Federal Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAM), with the goal to reduce the rate of deforestation through land use regulation, environmental monitoring, and sustainable activities, promoted through partnerships at the federal and private level, and legal penalties for violations.[47] Brazil also invested in more effective measures to fight fires, including fire-fighting airplanes in 2012. By 2014, USAID was teaching the indigenous people how to fight fires.[48] As a result of enforcement of PPCDAM, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped 83.5% of their 2004 rates by 2012.[49] However, in 2014, Brazil fell into an economic crisis, and as part of that recovery, pushed heavily on its exports of beef and soy to help bolster its economy, which caused a reversal in the falling deforestation rates.[50] The Brazilian government has been defunding scientific research since the economic crisis.[51]

To support PPCDAM, the INPE began developing systems to monitor the Amazon rainforest. One early effort was the Amazon Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Project (PRODES), which is a highly-detailed satellite imagery-based approach to calculate wildfires and deforestation losses on an annual basis.[52] In 2015, INPE launched five complementary projects as part of the Terra Brasilis project to monitor deforestation closer to real-time. Among these include the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system, allowing them to capture incidents of wildfires in 15-day cycles.[47] The daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website, and later corroborated with the annual and more accurate PRODES data.[53][54][55][56]

By December 2017, INPE had completed a modernization process and had expanded its system to analyze and share data on forest fires.[57] It launched its new TerraMA2Q platform—software which adapts fire-monitoring data software including the "occurrence of irregular fires."[57] Although the INPE was able to provide regional fire data since 1998, the modernization increased access. Agencies that monitor and fight fires include the Brazilian Federal Environment and Renewable Resources Agency (IBAMA), as well as state authorities.[57] The INPE receives its images daily from 10 foreign satellites, including the Terra and Aqua satellites—part of the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS).[57]

Jair Bolsonaro was elected as President of Brazil in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, after which he and his ministries changed governmental policies to weaken protection of the rainforest and make it favorable for farmers to continue practices of slash-and-burn clearing,[38] thus accelerating the deforestation from previous years.[8] Land-grabbers had used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated Apurinã people in Amazonas where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.[16] Upon entering office, Bolsonaro cut US$23 million from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.[58] Bolsonaro and his ministers had also segmented the environmental agency, placing part of its control under the agricultural ministry, which is led by the country's farming lobby, weakened protections on natural reserves and territories belonging to indigenous people, and encouraged businesses to file counter-land claims against regions managed by sustainable forestry practices.[59]




2019 dry season fires

Agricultural fires in southern Pará, Brazil in August 2019.
Despite the authority of PPCDAM, large numbers of wildfires have been recorded year-to-year by INPE since 2013, ranging from 35,000 to 70,000 annually for the period between January 1 and August 22. While it is possible for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those in California or in Australia. Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.[58] Further, while there had been warmer temperatures due to global climate change in the years prior, it is unlikely that warm weather can initiate these fires, though warm weather is capable of exacerbating the fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to spread.[50][60] Further evidence of the fires being caused by human activity is due to their clustering near roads and existing agricultural areas rather than remote parts of the forest, based on satellite imagery.[34]

INPE alerted the Brazilian government to larger-than-normal growth in the number of fires through June to August 2019. The first four months of the year were wetter-than-average, discouraging slash-and-burn efforts. However, with the start of the dry season in May 2019, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.[61] INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrences in June 2019.[56][62] There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than 1,345 square kilometres (519 sq mi; 134,500 ha; 332,000 acres) of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month.[59]

The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires according to INPE. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency.[63] The state of Acre entered into a environmental alert on August 16.[64] In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Pará placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a queimada or "Day of Fire" on August 10, 2019, organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government.[10][65] Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires in the region.[10][66]

INPE reported on August 20 that it had detected 39,194 fires in the Amazon rainforest since January.[10] This represented a 77 percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018.[10] However, the NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004–2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires.[67] INPE had reported that at least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil,[25] which represents a 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018.[68] NASA originally reported in mid-August that MODIS satellites reported average numbers of fires in the region compared with data from the past 15 years; the numbers were above average for the year in the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, but below average for Mato Grosso and Pará.[26][69][26][70] NASA later clarified that the data set they had evaluated previous was through August 16, 2019. By August 26, 2019, NASA included more recent MODIS imagery to confirm that the number of fires were higher than in previous years.[71]
First media reports
While INPE's data had been reported in international sources earlier, news of the wildfires were not a major news story until around August 20, 2019. On that day, the smoke plume from the fires in Rondônia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken at around 2 p.m. over São Paulo—which is almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast.[72][29][8] NASA and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) also published satellite imagery, in alignment with INPE's own, that showed smoke plumes from the wildfires were visible from space.[26] INPE and NASA data, along with photographs of the ongoing fires and impacts, caught international attention and became a rising topic on social media, with several world leaders, celebrities, and athletes expressing their concerns.[73]

According to Vox, of all the concurrent wildfires elsewhere in the world, the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil were the most "alarming".[29]


Responses of the Brazilian government
File:Pronunciamento de Jair Bolsonaro em 23 de agosto de 2019.webm
Official pronouncement of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro.
In the months prior to August 2019, Bolsonaro mocked international and environmental groups that felt his pro-business actions enabled deforestation.[74][58] At one point in August 2019, Bolsonaro jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate.[61] After INPE announced an 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro claimed "the numbers were fake" and fired Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, the INPE director.[38][53][75][76] Bolsonaro claimed Galvão was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign".[77][78][79][80] Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation.[78] NGOs such as WWF Brasil, Greenpeace, and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection countered Bolsonaro's claims.[17]

Bolsonaro, on August 22, argued that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".[81]

Historically, Brazil has been guarded about international intervention into the BLA, as the country sees the forest as a critical part of Brazil's economy.[82] Bolsonaro and his government have continued to speak out against any international oversight of the situation. Bolsaonaro considered French President Emmanuel Macron's comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem.[83] Of Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Bolsonaro stated: "They still haven’t realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there’s now a president who is loyal to [the] Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can’t release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil."[61]

Bolsonaro's foreign minister Ernesto Araújo has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil.[84] Araújo stated that: "President Bolsonaro’s government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding.[84] General Eduardo Villas Bôas, former commander of the Brazilian Army, considered the criticism of world leaders, like Macron and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, to be directly challenging "Brazilian sovereignty", and may need to be met with military response.[85]

File:Força Nacional envia 30 bombeiros para atuar contra incêndios na Amazônia.webm
'National Force sends 30 firefighters to act against Amazon fires' - video published by the Bolsonaro government on August 25, 2019
With increased pressure from the international community, Bolsonaro appeared more willing to take proactive steps against the fires, saying by August 23, 2019, that his government would take a "zero tolerance" approach to environmental crimes.[86] He engaged the Brazilian military to help fight the wildfires on August 24, which Joint Staff member Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho stated was to create a "positive perception" of the government's efforts.[87][88] Among military support included 43,000 troops as well as four firefighting aircraft, and an allocated US$15.7 million for fire-fighting operations.[89][90] Initial efforts were principally located in the state of Rondônia, but the Defense Ministry stated they plan to offer support for all seven states affected by the fires.[91]

Rodrigo Maia, president of the Chamber of Deputies, announced that he would form a parliamentary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.[92]

After a report from Globo Rural reveal that a WhatsApp group of 70 people was involved with the Day of Fire,[93] Jair Bolsonaro determined the opening of investigations by Federal Police.[94]

Protests against Brazilian government policies
File:Multitudinaria marcha en defensa de la Amazonia y contra las políticas ambientales de Bolsonaro.webm
'Crowd march in defense of the Amazon and against the environmental policies of Bolsonaro' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in Bolivia.
In regards to the displacement of the indigenous people, Amnesty International has highlighted the change in protection of lands belonging to the indigenous people, and have called on other nations to pressure Brazil to restore these rights, as they are also essential to protecting the rainforest.[95] Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, founder of Kanindé, a Porto Velho-based advocacy group for indigenous communities, said Bolsonaro is directly responsible for the escalation of forest fires throughout the Amazon this year. Cardoso said the wildfires are a "tragedy that affects all of humanity" since the Amazon plays an important role in the global ecosystem as a carbon sink to reduce the effects of climate change.[96]

Thousands of Brazilian citizens held protests in several major cities from August 24, 2019, onward to challenge the government's reaction to the wildfires.[97][98] Protesters around the world also held events at Brazilian embassies, including in London, Paris, Mexico City, and Geneva.[99]
AND MUCH MORE!



IF YOU WANNA KNOW MORE, CLICK THE LINK BELLOW⬇️
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_.....rest_wildfires

An asteroid larger than some of the world's tallest buildings will zip by Earth
By Ashley Strickland, CNN
Published Aug 27, 2019 10:49:01 PM
(CNN) — On September 14, an asteroid will pass by Earth that's larger than some of the tallest buildings on the planet.
Asteroid 2000 QW7 is estimated to be between 290 meters and 650 meters in diameter, or between 951 and 2,132 feet, according to NASA. The world's tallest building is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which reaches 2,717 feet tall. The second tallest building is the Shanghai Tower at 2,073 feet.
The asteroid will be traveling at 14,361 miles per hour when it passes within 3,312,944 miles of Earth at 7:54 p.m. ET.
Astronomers don't believe the asteroid poses any danger, but NASA's Center for Near Earth Object Studies is tracking it.
In June, astronomers showed that telescopes could provide enough warning to allow people to move away from an asteroid strike on Earth.
Astronomers at the University of Hawaii used the ATLAS and Pan-STARRS survey telescopes to detect a small asteroid before it entered Earth's atmosphere on the morning of June 22.
The asteroid, named 2019 MO, was 13 feet in diameter and 310,685 miles from Earth. The ATLAS facility observed it four times over 30 minutes around midnight in Hawaii.
Initially, the Scout impact analysis software at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory deemed the potential impact as a 2. For reference, 0 is "unlikely" and 4 is "likely." Davide Farnocchia, navigation engineer at JPL, requested additional observations because he noticed a detection near Puerto Rico 12 hours later.
The Pan-STARRS telescope was also operating and captured part of the sky where the asteroid could be seen.
The additional images from the Pan-STARRS telescope helped researchers better determine the entry path for the asteroid, which bumped the Scout rating to 4.
The calculation matched up, and weather radar in San Juan detected the asteroid as it burned up in our atmosphere. It entered the atmosphere over the ocean, 236 miles south of the city.
ATLAS, which is two telescopes 100 miles apart on the Big Island and Maui, scans the entire sky every two nights for asteroids that could impact Earth. It can spot small asteroids half a day before they arrive at Earth and could point to larger asteroids days before.
Although much of the knowledge of their capabilities and determinations about the asteroid was worked out after the fact, astronomers believe that ATLAS and Pan-STARRS could help predict more in the future.

This story was originally published on CNN.com. "An asteroid larger than some of the world's tallest buildings will zip by Earth next month."



Link: https://www.cnnphilippines.com/worl.....tember-14.html

Scientists have long tried to discover if there is life outside of our planet but, so far, to no avail.
Space exploration has developed by leaps and bounds, but so far, we have only discovered places where life, particularly Earth life, could survive. But when it comes to finding another organic being existing even within our own galaxy, there is still a long way to go to prove there’s actual alien life out there.
In fact, an article from Forbes written by astrophysicist and book author Ethan Siegel recently discussed the possibility that humans might actually be the lone organic life that exists in the universe. According to the report, putting together all of today’s studies and discoveries and looking at them with logic simply shows that complex life or simple life (such as microbial organisms) does not exist and that we might truly be along in the cosmic realm.
The report also stated that even if what mankind knows about space, in general, has vastly developed, we continue to be left without evidence that alien life is out there somewhere. Humanity has vastly evolved from cave creatures to beings who have invented technology and space exploration. So if this evolution can be applied to other planets in the universe, one would think we would have already discovered something by now.


Works credited: https://www.msn.com/en-xl/latinamer.....rse/ar-BBVIEXY