Simpler and without 3D eyecandy, we have the LXDE Desktop.
As GNU/Linux is highly modular you have to stop thinking about a special function being part of a special system - Desktops under Linux are just as exchangable components as is your webbrowser.

LXDE and KDE both follow the so-called "WIMP" metaphor ( Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer ) that Xerox developed in the PARC laboratories, and which is used on MacOS as well as Windows versions up to Windows 7.
Smartphones / touchscreens get rid of the Pointer, as the pointer is your finger there, and in case of tiling desktop managers ( ION, Matchbox, bspwm, or Microsoft's METRO ( Windows 8) ) you leave out the icons as the icons actually become your running programs in many cases, and Microsoft also discarded part of the menu concept, replacing it with gestures.