THU NOV 6 2025

this day i had been reading about protocol encapsulation in networking!
basically the way information is sent across the internet between computers works kinda similar to how packages are sent through the mailing system / postal service. Your payload, in this example DONKEY, is wrapped in multiple layers of protocol delimiters, each having their own purpose basically it works liek this

DONKEY = this is the actual data that needs to be delivered to the computer, for example, an email! in this case, it's DONKEY

TCP Hdr(DONKEY) = this wrapper tells the computer what application in the computer this package needs to be sent to, for example, an email application like microsoft outlook or gmail, though in this case since the payload is donkey, he might go to the BARN !!!

IP Hdr[TCP Hdr(DONKEY)] = this wrapper tells the whole transportaiton system (the internet) from which computer this donkey was sent, and to which computer donkey should ultimately be delivered to! it's like a little tag on a package that says "this donkey was sent from the mountains and should be deliverd to the farm"

{FH}IP Hdr[TCP Hdr(DONKEY)]{FF} = these couple of wrappers, at the begginning and end of the whole package (header and footer) essentially works like a tag telling every stop in the communication path "in order for donkey to be delivered from the mountains to the farm, send him this way!".
Think of how packages are sent from one country to the other. This wrapper is the tag telling where the package needs to go next from one warehouse to the next, and from the warehouse to the postal office, and from the postal office to the farm. In networking this is called "point-to-point" communication.

point-to-point = warhouse -> warhouse, warehouse -> postal office, postal office -> farm
end-to-end = mountain -> farm

i tried explaining this in kind of less techy terms! i know it's a bit convoluted, but still i hope some part of the concept came across!! hawwww