Fought and defeated a silver Lynel
Posted 9 months agoOne of the rarest and strongest Lynels in Tears of the Kingdom
Which lioness milf is more caring?
Posted 9 months agoSarabi or Nala
My cousin is pregnant!!!!
Posted 9 months agoShe's gonna have a baby girl!!!
Question of the day
Posted 9 months agoWhich Alien movie is your favorite?
Currently watching Alien Romulus
Posted 9 months agoIt's amazing!
Looks like I'm back to being single again
Posted 10 months ago😔😔😔
rtuenuik2 aka sundiscspecial has blocked me on all accoun...
Posted 10 months agoHe never told me what I did wrong
UPDATE: He told me the reason is because he was concerned about the email I sent about my girlfriend possibly breaking up with me and assumed that I did something to her
UPDATE: He told me the reason is because he was concerned about the email I sent about my girlfriend possibly breaking up with me and assumed that I did something to her
Logging out for now
Posted 10 months agoFire department was called last night
Posted 11 months agoMe and my staff smelled something very strong like something was burning and discovered one of the rooms in the basement was filled with smoke. There was no fire, but it was discovered that it was an electrical wire from one of the lightbulbs in the room
Had to fucking uninstall discord again
Posted 11 months agoIt supposedly detected something out of the ordinary and wanted me to verify my account, the issue is that it wasn't fucking accepting my phone number because it wasn't associated with my account. I think this is what may have happened last time as well. I am so fucking beyond pissed!!!
Im back
Posted 11 months agoI couldn't stay away any longer
Origin of Life
Posted 11 months agoThe origin of life on Earth is a complex process that likely involved several stages, including:
Chemical evolution
Stars created atomic elements that could form simple molecules in space. These molecules could have rained down into Earth's oceans.
Replicating molecules
These molecules evolved and began to copy themselves, passing their genetic information on to offspring.
Cell membranes
Replicating molecules became enclosed within a cell membrane, which allowed the internal environment to differ from the external environment.
Metabolic processes
Some cells evolved more modern metabolic processes, outcompeting those with older forms.
Multicellularity
Multicellularity evolved.
Protective membranes
Life developed a protective membrane that wasn't soluble in water. Lipids, fatty molecules, may have been essential for this step.
The earliest evidence of life on Earth includes:
Biogenic graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old rocks from Western Greenland
Microbial mat fossils in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone from Western Australia
"Remains of biotic life" in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia
Putative microfossils in 4.28 billion-year-old hydrothermal vent precipitates in Quebec, Canada
The transition from non-living to living entities has never been observed experimentally.
Chemical evolution
Stars created atomic elements that could form simple molecules in space. These molecules could have rained down into Earth's oceans.
Replicating molecules
These molecules evolved and began to copy themselves, passing their genetic information on to offspring.
Cell membranes
Replicating molecules became enclosed within a cell membrane, which allowed the internal environment to differ from the external environment.
Metabolic processes
Some cells evolved more modern metabolic processes, outcompeting those with older forms.
Multicellularity
Multicellularity evolved.
Protective membranes
Life developed a protective membrane that wasn't soluble in water. Lipids, fatty molecules, may have been essential for this step.
The earliest evidence of life on Earth includes:
Biogenic graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old rocks from Western Greenland
Microbial mat fossils in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone from Western Australia
"Remains of biotic life" in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia
Putative microfossils in 4.28 billion-year-old hydrothermal vent precipitates in Quebec, Canada
The transition from non-living to living entities has never been observed experimentally.
Mesopotamian magic
Posted 11 months agoMagic was invoked in many kinds of rituals and medical formulae, and to counteract evil omens. Defensive or legitimate magic in Mesopotamia (asiputu or masmassutu in the Akkadian language) were incantations and ritual practices intended to alter specific realities. The ancient Mesopotamians believed that magic was the only viable defense against demons, ghosts, and evil sorcerers.[1] To defend themselves against the spirits of those they had wronged, they would leave offerings known as kispu in the person's tomb in hope of appeasing them.[2] If that failed, they also sometimes took a figurine of the deceased and buried it in the ground, demanding for the gods to eradicate the spirit, or force it to leave the person alone.[3]
The ancient Mesopotamians also used magic intending to protect themselves from evil sorcerers who might place curses on them.[4] Black magic as a category didn't exist in ancient Mesopotamia, and a person legitimately using magic to defend themselves against illegitimate magic would use exactly the same techniques.[4] The only major difference was the fact that curses were enacted in secret;[4] whereas a defense against sorcery was conducted in the open, in front of an audience if possible.[4] One ritual to punish a sorcerer was known as Maqlû, or "The Burning".[4] The person viewed as being afflicted by witchcraft would create an effigy of the sorcerer and put it on trial at night.[4] Then, once the nature of the sorcerer's crimes had been determined, the person would burn the effigy and thereby break the sorcerer's power over them.[4]
The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly.[4] One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or "Burning",[5] in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool.[5] The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed.[5] A whole genre of love spells existed.[6] Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection when he had previously been unable.[6] Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.[7]
The ancient Mesopotamians made no distinction between rational science and magic.[8][9][10] When a person became ill, doctors would prescribe both magical formulas to be recited as well as medicinal treatments.[9][10][11] Most magical rituals were intended to be performed by an āšipu, an expert in the magical arts.[9][10][11][12] The profession was generally passed down from generation to generation[11] and was held in extremely high regard and often served as advisors to kings and great leaders.[13] An āšipu probably served not only as a magician, but also as a physician, a priest, a scribe, and a scholar.[13]
The Sumerian god Enki, who was later syncretized with the East Semitic god Ea, was closely associated with magic and incantations;[14] he was the patron god of the bārȗ and the ašipū and was widely regarded as the ultimate source of all arcane knowledge.[15][16][17] The ancient Mesopotamians also believed in omens, which could come when solicited or unsolicited.[18] Regardless of how they came, omens were always taken with the utmost seriousness.[18]
A common set of shared assumptions about the causes of evil and how to avert it are found in a form of early protective magic called incantation bowl or magic bowls. The bowls were produced in the Middle East, particularly in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria, what is now Iraq and Iran, and fairly popular during the sixth to eighth centuries.[19][20] The bowls were buried face down and were meant to capture demons. They were commonly placed under the threshold, courtyards, in the corner of the homes of the recently deceased and in cemeteries.[21]
The ancient Mesopotamians also used magic intending to protect themselves from evil sorcerers who might place curses on them.[4] Black magic as a category didn't exist in ancient Mesopotamia, and a person legitimately using magic to defend themselves against illegitimate magic would use exactly the same techniques.[4] The only major difference was the fact that curses were enacted in secret;[4] whereas a defense against sorcery was conducted in the open, in front of an audience if possible.[4] One ritual to punish a sorcerer was known as Maqlû, or "The Burning".[4] The person viewed as being afflicted by witchcraft would create an effigy of the sorcerer and put it on trial at night.[4] Then, once the nature of the sorcerer's crimes had been determined, the person would burn the effigy and thereby break the sorcerer's power over them.[4]
The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly.[4] One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or "Burning",[5] in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool.[5] The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed.[5] A whole genre of love spells existed.[6] Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection when he had previously been unable.[6] Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.[7]
The ancient Mesopotamians made no distinction between rational science and magic.[8][9][10] When a person became ill, doctors would prescribe both magical formulas to be recited as well as medicinal treatments.[9][10][11] Most magical rituals were intended to be performed by an āšipu, an expert in the magical arts.[9][10][11][12] The profession was generally passed down from generation to generation[11] and was held in extremely high regard and often served as advisors to kings and great leaders.[13] An āšipu probably served not only as a magician, but also as a physician, a priest, a scribe, and a scholar.[13]
The Sumerian god Enki, who was later syncretized with the East Semitic god Ea, was closely associated with magic and incantations;[14] he was the patron god of the bārȗ and the ašipū and was widely regarded as the ultimate source of all arcane knowledge.[15][16][17] The ancient Mesopotamians also believed in omens, which could come when solicited or unsolicited.[18] Regardless of how they came, omens were always taken with the utmost seriousness.[18]
A common set of shared assumptions about the causes of evil and how to avert it are found in a form of early protective magic called incantation bowl or magic bowls. The bowls were produced in the Middle East, particularly in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria, what is now Iraq and Iran, and fairly popular during the sixth to eighth centuries.[19][20] The bowls were buried face down and were meant to capture demons. They were commonly placed under the threshold, courtyards, in the corner of the homes of the recently deceased and in cemeteries.[21]
Ghosts in ancient Mesopotamian religion
Posted 11 months agoThere are many references to ghosts in ancient Mesopotamian religion – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria and other early states in Mesopotamia. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later Abrahamic religions that came to dominate the region.[1]
The concept of ghosts or spirits in Mesopotamia is comparable to the shades of the deceased in the Underworld in the mythology of classical antiquity. The shades or spirits of the deceased were known as gidim (gidim 𒄇) in Sumerian, which was borrowed as eṭemmu in Akkadian. The Sumerian word is analyzed as a compound of either gig "to be sick" and dim3 "a demon", or gi6 "black" + dim4 "to approach".[2]
Gidim were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, Irkalla, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods or demons.[3] Some sources[clarification needed] say the spirit was "inherited from the slain god whose body was used in creating man".[dubious – discuss][4]
Netherworld
In Mesopotamian religion, Irkalla, the Underworld, is ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal and her consort Nergal or Ninazu. Ghosts spent some time traveling to the netherworld, often having to overcome obstacles along the way.[3] The Anunnaki, the court of the netherworld, welcomed each ghost and received their offerings. The court explained the rules and assigned the ghost his fate or place.
Another court was presided over by the sun god Utu, who visited the netherworlds on his daily round, Shamash might punish ghosts who harassed the living, and might award a share of funerary offerings to forgotten ghosts.[4]
The Babylonian netherworld was populated by an array of monsters and demons. However, within the netherworld the ghosts existed in a manner similar to the living. They had houses and could meet with deceased family members and associates.[3]
The Epic of Gilgamesh revolves around a relationship between the hero-king Gilgamesh and his close companion, Enkidu. It may loosely refer to a real king of the 27th century BCE. Part of the story relates Enkidu's death, the adventures of his ghost in the underworld, and the eventual return to the world when Gilgamesh breaks a hole in the earth.[5]
Interaction with the living
The Babylonians believed that life in the underworld could be made more tolerable if the surviving relatives regularly made offerings of food and drink. The ghosts of people without children to make these offerings would suffer more, while people who died in fire or whose body lies in the desert would have no ghost at all. If the relatives failed to make offerings, the ghost could become restless and visit sickness and misfortune on them.[3]
Physical ailments resulting from hearing or seeing a ghost included headaches, eye and ear problems, various intestinal pains, shortness of breath and dizziness, fever and neurological and mental disorders. Cures involved ritual performances with use of offerings, libations, figurines, ritual burial and dispatch, encirclement, amulets, fumigants, bandages, salves, potions, washes, and suppositories.[6] Other Mesopotamian diseases were blamed on gods or ghosts, each causing a particular sickness.[7] [8]
The concept of ghosts or spirits in Mesopotamia is comparable to the shades of the deceased in the Underworld in the mythology of classical antiquity. The shades or spirits of the deceased were known as gidim (gidim 𒄇) in Sumerian, which was borrowed as eṭemmu in Akkadian. The Sumerian word is analyzed as a compound of either gig "to be sick" and dim3 "a demon", or gi6 "black" + dim4 "to approach".[2]
Gidim were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, Irkalla, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods or demons.[3] Some sources[clarification needed] say the spirit was "inherited from the slain god whose body was used in creating man".[dubious – discuss][4]
Netherworld
In Mesopotamian religion, Irkalla, the Underworld, is ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal and her consort Nergal or Ninazu. Ghosts spent some time traveling to the netherworld, often having to overcome obstacles along the way.[3] The Anunnaki, the court of the netherworld, welcomed each ghost and received their offerings. The court explained the rules and assigned the ghost his fate or place.
Another court was presided over by the sun god Utu, who visited the netherworlds on his daily round, Shamash might punish ghosts who harassed the living, and might award a share of funerary offerings to forgotten ghosts.[4]
The Babylonian netherworld was populated by an array of monsters and demons. However, within the netherworld the ghosts existed in a manner similar to the living. They had houses and could meet with deceased family members and associates.[3]
The Epic of Gilgamesh revolves around a relationship between the hero-king Gilgamesh and his close companion, Enkidu. It may loosely refer to a real king of the 27th century BCE. Part of the story relates Enkidu's death, the adventures of his ghost in the underworld, and the eventual return to the world when Gilgamesh breaks a hole in the earth.[5]
Interaction with the living
The Babylonians believed that life in the underworld could be made more tolerable if the surviving relatives regularly made offerings of food and drink. The ghosts of people without children to make these offerings would suffer more, while people who died in fire or whose body lies in the desert would have no ghost at all. If the relatives failed to make offerings, the ghost could become restless and visit sickness and misfortune on them.[3]
Physical ailments resulting from hearing or seeing a ghost included headaches, eye and ear problems, various intestinal pains, shortness of breath and dizziness, fever and neurological and mental disorders. Cures involved ritual performances with use of offerings, libations, figurines, ritual burial and dispatch, encirclement, amulets, fumigants, bandages, salves, potions, washes, and suppositories.[6] Other Mesopotamian diseases were blamed on gods or ghosts, each causing a particular sickness.[7] [8]
History of Ghosts
Posted 11 months agoAncient Near East and Egypt
There are many references to ghosts in Mesopotamian religions – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, and other early states in Mesopotamia. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later Abrahamic religions that came to dominate the region.[42] The concept of ghosts may predate many belief systems.[43] Ghosts were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods or demons.[44]
There was widespread belief in ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture. The Hebrew Bible contains few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities cf. Deuteronomy 18:11. The most notable reference is in the First Book of Samuel (I Samuel 28:3–19 KJV), in which a disguised King Saul has the Witch of Endor summon the spirit or ghost of Samuel.
The soul and spirit were believed to exist after death, with the ability to assist or harm the living, and the possibility of a second death. Over a period of more than 2,500 years, Egyptian beliefs about the nature of the afterlife evolved constantly. Many of these beliefs were recorded in hieroglyph inscriptions, papyrus scrolls and tomb paintings. The Egyptian Book of the Dead compiles some of the beliefs from different periods of ancient Egyptian history.[45] In modern times, the fanciful concept of a mummy coming back to life and wreaking vengeance when disturbed has spawned a whole genre of horror stories and films.[46]
Classical Antiquity
Archaic and Classical Greece
Ghosts appeared in Homer's Odyssey and Iliad, in which they were described as vanishing "as a vapor, gibbering and whining into the earth". Homer's ghosts had little interaction with the world of the living. Periodically they were called upon to provide advice or prophecy, but they do not appear to be particularly feared. Ghosts in the classical world often appeared in the form of vapor or smoke, but at other times they were described as being substantial, appearing as they had been at the time of death, complete with the wounds that killed them.[47]
By the 5th century BC, classical Greek ghosts had become haunting, frightening creatures who could work to either good or evil purposes. The spirit of the dead was believed to hover near the resting place of the corpse, and cemeteries were places the living avoided. The dead were to be ritually mourned through public ceremony, sacrifice, and libations, or else they might return to haunt their families. The ancient Greeks held annual feasts to honor and placate the spirits of the dead, to which the family ghosts were invited, and after which they were "firmly invited to leave until the same time next year."[48]
The 5th-century BC play Oresteia includes an appearance of the ghost of Clytemnestra, one of the first ghosts to appear in a work of fiction.[49]
Roman Empire and Late Antiquity
The ancient Romans believed a ghost could be used to exact revenge on an enemy by scratching a curse on a piece of lead or pottery and placing it into a grave.[50]
Plutarch, in the 1st century AD, described the haunting of the baths at Chaeronea by the ghost of a murdered man. The ghost's loud and frightful groans caused the people of the town to seal up the doors of the building.[51] Another celebrated account of a haunted house from the ancient classical world is given by Pliny the Younger (c. 50 AD).[52] Pliny describes the haunting of a house in Athens, which was bought by the Stoic philosopher Athenodorus, who lived about 100 years before Pliny. Knowing that the house was supposedly haunted, Athenodorus intentionally set up his writing desk in the room where the apparition was said to appear and sat there writing until late at night when he was disturbed by a ghost bound in chains. He followed the ghost outside where it indicated a spot on the ground. When Athenodorus later excavated the area, a shackled skeleton was unearthed. The haunting ceased when the skeleton was given a proper reburial.[53] The writers Plautus and Lucian also wrote stories about haunted houses.
In the New Testament, according to Luke 24:37–39,[54] following his resurrection, Jesus was forced to persuade the Disciples that he was not a ghost (some versions of the Bible, such as the KJV and NKJV, use the term "spirit"). Similarly, Jesus' followers at first believed he was a ghost (spirit) when they saw him walking on water.
One of the first persons to express disbelief in ghosts was Lucian of Samosata in the 2nd century AD. In his satirical novel The Lover of Lies (c. 150 AD), he relates how Democritus "the learned man from Abdera in Thrace" lived in a tomb outside the city gates to prove that cemeteries were not haunted by the spirits of the departed. Lucian relates how he persisted in his disbelief despite practical jokes perpetrated by "some young men of Abdera" who dressed up in black robes with skull masks to frighten him.[55] This account by Lucian notes something about the popular classical expectation of how a ghost should look.
In the 5th century AD, the Christian priest Constantius of Lyon recorded an instance of the recurring theme of the improperly buried dead who come back to haunt the living, and who can only cease their haunting when their bones have been discovered and properly reburied.[56]
There are many references to ghosts in Mesopotamian religions – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, and other early states in Mesopotamia. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later Abrahamic religions that came to dominate the region.[42] The concept of ghosts may predate many belief systems.[43] Ghosts were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living. Traditional healing practices ascribed a variety of illnesses to the action of ghosts, while others were caused by gods or demons.[44]
There was widespread belief in ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture. The Hebrew Bible contains few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities cf. Deuteronomy 18:11. The most notable reference is in the First Book of Samuel (I Samuel 28:3–19 KJV), in which a disguised King Saul has the Witch of Endor summon the spirit or ghost of Samuel.
The soul and spirit were believed to exist after death, with the ability to assist or harm the living, and the possibility of a second death. Over a period of more than 2,500 years, Egyptian beliefs about the nature of the afterlife evolved constantly. Many of these beliefs were recorded in hieroglyph inscriptions, papyrus scrolls and tomb paintings. The Egyptian Book of the Dead compiles some of the beliefs from different periods of ancient Egyptian history.[45] In modern times, the fanciful concept of a mummy coming back to life and wreaking vengeance when disturbed has spawned a whole genre of horror stories and films.[46]
Classical Antiquity
Archaic and Classical Greece
Ghosts appeared in Homer's Odyssey and Iliad, in which they were described as vanishing "as a vapor, gibbering and whining into the earth". Homer's ghosts had little interaction with the world of the living. Periodically they were called upon to provide advice or prophecy, but they do not appear to be particularly feared. Ghosts in the classical world often appeared in the form of vapor or smoke, but at other times they were described as being substantial, appearing as they had been at the time of death, complete with the wounds that killed them.[47]
By the 5th century BC, classical Greek ghosts had become haunting, frightening creatures who could work to either good or evil purposes. The spirit of the dead was believed to hover near the resting place of the corpse, and cemeteries were places the living avoided. The dead were to be ritually mourned through public ceremony, sacrifice, and libations, or else they might return to haunt their families. The ancient Greeks held annual feasts to honor and placate the spirits of the dead, to which the family ghosts were invited, and after which they were "firmly invited to leave until the same time next year."[48]
The 5th-century BC play Oresteia includes an appearance of the ghost of Clytemnestra, one of the first ghosts to appear in a work of fiction.[49]
Roman Empire and Late Antiquity
The ancient Romans believed a ghost could be used to exact revenge on an enemy by scratching a curse on a piece of lead or pottery and placing it into a grave.[50]
Plutarch, in the 1st century AD, described the haunting of the baths at Chaeronea by the ghost of a murdered man. The ghost's loud and frightful groans caused the people of the town to seal up the doors of the building.[51] Another celebrated account of a haunted house from the ancient classical world is given by Pliny the Younger (c. 50 AD).[52] Pliny describes the haunting of a house in Athens, which was bought by the Stoic philosopher Athenodorus, who lived about 100 years before Pliny. Knowing that the house was supposedly haunted, Athenodorus intentionally set up his writing desk in the room where the apparition was said to appear and sat there writing until late at night when he was disturbed by a ghost bound in chains. He followed the ghost outside where it indicated a spot on the ground. When Athenodorus later excavated the area, a shackled skeleton was unearthed. The haunting ceased when the skeleton was given a proper reburial.[53] The writers Plautus and Lucian also wrote stories about haunted houses.
In the New Testament, according to Luke 24:37–39,[54] following his resurrection, Jesus was forced to persuade the Disciples that he was not a ghost (some versions of the Bible, such as the KJV and NKJV, use the term "spirit"). Similarly, Jesus' followers at first believed he was a ghost (spirit) when they saw him walking on water.
One of the first persons to express disbelief in ghosts was Lucian of Samosata in the 2nd century AD. In his satirical novel The Lover of Lies (c. 150 AD), he relates how Democritus "the learned man from Abdera in Thrace" lived in a tomb outside the city gates to prove that cemeteries were not haunted by the spirits of the departed. Lucian relates how he persisted in his disbelief despite practical jokes perpetrated by "some young men of Abdera" who dressed up in black robes with skull masks to frighten him.[55] This account by Lucian notes something about the popular classical expectation of how a ghost should look.
In the 5th century AD, the Christian priest Constantius of Lyon recorded an instance of the recurring theme of the improperly buried dead who come back to haunt the living, and who can only cease their haunting when their bones have been discovered and properly reburied.[56]
Quote of the day
Posted 11 months agoThe great use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.
William James
William James
Neolithic Honey Hunters
Posted 11 months agoSaw a Bald Eagle today at work
Posted 11 months agoThey came earlier this year
Black Hills History
Posted 12 months agoThe Black Hills in South Dakota and Wyoming have a long history, including:
Sacred site
The Black Hills are sacred to the Lakota (Sioux) people and were a hunting ground for thousands of years. The Lakota called the Black Hills Paha Sapa, which means "the hills that are black". Other Native American tribes, including the Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho, also considered the area sacred.
First white visitors
In 1742, the French-Canadian Verendye brothers were the first white men to visit the Black Hills. They were guided by Mandan Indians from the Missouri River.
Fort Laramie Treaty
In 1868, the US government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty, which established the Great Sioux Reservation and guaranteed the Black Hills to the Sioux and Arapaho people.
Gold discovery
In 1874, George A. Custer's military expedition discovered gold in the Black Hills, leading to a gold rush.
Black Hills War
In 1876, the US government forced the Sioux to give up their treaty rights to the Black Hills after the Black Hills War. The war's high point was the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Ownership dispute
The US government and the Sioux still dispute ownership of the Black Hills today.
The Black Hills are home to Wind Cave National Park and Jewel Cave National Monument, two of the world's longest cave systems. The Black Hills also feature Custer State Park, which includes Iron Mountain Road and the Needles Highway.
Sacred site
The Black Hills are sacred to the Lakota (Sioux) people and were a hunting ground for thousands of years. The Lakota called the Black Hills Paha Sapa, which means "the hills that are black". Other Native American tribes, including the Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho, also considered the area sacred.
First white visitors
In 1742, the French-Canadian Verendye brothers were the first white men to visit the Black Hills. They were guided by Mandan Indians from the Missouri River.
Fort Laramie Treaty
In 1868, the US government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty, which established the Great Sioux Reservation and guaranteed the Black Hills to the Sioux and Arapaho people.
Gold discovery
In 1874, George A. Custer's military expedition discovered gold in the Black Hills, leading to a gold rush.
Black Hills War
In 1876, the US government forced the Sioux to give up their treaty rights to the Black Hills after the Black Hills War. The war's high point was the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Ownership dispute
The US government and the Sioux still dispute ownership of the Black Hills today.
The Black Hills are home to Wind Cave National Park and Jewel Cave National Monument, two of the world's longest cave systems. The Black Hills also feature Custer State Park, which includes Iron Mountain Road and the Needles Highway.
The Clovis Culture
Posted 12 months agoThe Clovis people were an ancient culture of hunter-gatherers who lived in North America between 10,000 and 9,000 BCE:
Known for
The Clovis people are best known for their stone tools, including the Clovis point, a long, fluted projectile point.
Lifestyle
The Clovis people were highly mobile, moving across the continent in search of food. They hunted big game like mammoths, mastodons, bison, camels, and horses, but also ate smaller animals and plants.
Origins
The Clovis people are thought to have arrived in North America from Asia via a land bridge over the Bering Strait at the end of the last Ice Age.
Ancestors
The Clovis people are likely the ancestors of later Native North American peoples and cultures. DNA analysis of the bones of an infant found in Montana shows that the infant is an ancestor of modern Native Americans.
Disappearance
The Clovis people vanished around 9,000 years ago, replaced by a different population.
Other evidence
The Clovis people also built campfires and dug a well, the first known water control system in North America.
Known for
The Clovis people are best known for their stone tools, including the Clovis point, a long, fluted projectile point.
Lifestyle
The Clovis people were highly mobile, moving across the continent in search of food. They hunted big game like mammoths, mastodons, bison, camels, and horses, but also ate smaller animals and plants.
Origins
The Clovis people are thought to have arrived in North America from Asia via a land bridge over the Bering Strait at the end of the last Ice Age.
Ancestors
The Clovis people are likely the ancestors of later Native North American peoples and cultures. DNA analysis of the bones of an infant found in Montana shows that the infant is an ancestor of modern Native Americans.
Disappearance
The Clovis people vanished around 9,000 years ago, replaced by a different population.
Other evidence
The Clovis people also built campfires and dug a well, the first known water control system in North America.
Ancient Celts
Posted 12 months agoThe ancient Celts were a group of tribes that originated in central Europe and spread throughout western Europe:
Origins
The Celts' culture is believed to have begun evolving around 1200 B.C. The oldest archaeological evidence of the Celts comes from Hallstatt, Austria, where graves of chieftains date back to about 700 B.C.
Spread
The Celts migrated across Europe, eventually reaching Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Transylvania, the Black Sea coasts, and Galatia in Anatolia.
Culture
The Celts were known for their colorful wool clothing, including tunics, belts, cloaks, and trousers. They were also known for their rich culture, which included similar language, religious beliefs, and traditions.
Legacy
The Celts' legacy is most prominent in Ireland and Great Britain, where traces of their language and culture are still evident today.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire absorbed some of the Celts into their empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. The Romans referred to the Celts as “Galli,” meaning barbarians.
Society
The Celts had a strong kinship system, with rulers and their extended family dominating society. They also had a system where the elite protected those who served them in return
Origins
The Celts' culture is believed to have begun evolving around 1200 B.C. The oldest archaeological evidence of the Celts comes from Hallstatt, Austria, where graves of chieftains date back to about 700 B.C.
Spread
The Celts migrated across Europe, eventually reaching Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Transylvania, the Black Sea coasts, and Galatia in Anatolia.
Culture
The Celts were known for their colorful wool clothing, including tunics, belts, cloaks, and trousers. They were also known for their rich culture, which included similar language, religious beliefs, and traditions.
Legacy
The Celts' legacy is most prominent in Ireland and Great Britain, where traces of their language and culture are still evident today.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire absorbed some of the Celts into their empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. The Romans referred to the Celts as “Galli,” meaning barbarians.
Society
The Celts had a strong kinship system, with rulers and their extended family dominating society. They also had a system where the elite protected those who served them in return
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https://www.worldhistory.org/collec.....its--monsters/
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